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Ivan the Terrible
Ivan IV Vasilyevich (; – ),〔(28 March: This Date in History ). Webcitation.org. Retrieved 2011-12-07〕 commonly known as Ivan the Terrible (, ''Ivan Grozny''), was the Grand Prince of Moscow from 1533 to 1547 and Tsar of All the Russias from 1547 until his death in 1584. His long reign saw the conquest of the Khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberia, transforming Russia into a multiethnic and multicontinental state spanning almost one billion acres, approximately . Ivan managed countless changes in the progression from a medieval state to an empire and emerging regional power, and became the first ruler to be crowned as Tsar of All the Russias.
Historic sources present disparate accounts of Ivan's complex personality: he was described as intelligent and devout, yet given to rages and prone to episodic outbreaks of mental illness〔Russian Architecture and the West by
Dmitriĭ Olegovich Shvidkovskiĭ, 2007. p.147〕 that increased with his age, affecting his reign.〔The Origins of Autocracy: Ivan the Terrible in Russian History By Alexander Yanov, p.208〕〔Government Leaders, Military Rulers and Political Activists edited by David W. Del Testa p.91〕 In one such outburst, he killed his groomed and chosen heir Ivan Ivanovich. This left the Tsardom to be passed to Ivan's younger son, the weak and intellectually disabled Feodor Ivanovich. Ivan's legacy is complex: he was an able diplomat, a patron of arts and trade, founder of Russia's first Print Yard, a leader highly popular among the common people of Russia, but he is also remembered for his paranoia and arguably harsh treatment of the nobility. The Massacre of Novgorod is regarded as one of the biggest demonstrations of his mental instability and brutality.〔''History's Worst Dictators: A Short Guide to the Most Brutal Rulers'' by Michael Rank〕
==Sobriquet==
The English word ''terrible'' is usually used to translate the Russian word ''grozny'' in Ivan's nickname, but the modern English usage of terrible, with a pejorative connotation of bad or evil, does not precisely represent the intended meaning. The meaning of ''grozny'' is closer to the word ''terrifying,'' or the original usage of terrible—''inspiring fear or terror'', ''dangerous'' (as in Old English ''in one's danger''), ''formidable'' or ''threatening'', ''tough'', ''strict'', ''authoritative''. V. Dal defines ''grozny'' specifically in archaic usage and as an epithet for tsars: "''courageous, magnificent, magisterial and keeping enemies in fear, but people in obedience''".〔Dal, Vladimir, Explanatory Dictionary of the Live Great Russian language, article ''ГРОЗИТЬ''. Available in many editions as well as online, for example at (slovardalja.net )〕 Other translations were also suggested by modern scholars.〔Roy Temple House, Ernst Erich Noth, University of Oklahoma. (Books Abroad: An International Literary Quarterly. ) v. 15, 1941; p. 343. .〕〔McConnell, Frank D. (1979). (''Storytelling and Mythmaking: Images from Film and Literature'' ). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-502572-5; p. 78: "But Ivan IV, Ivan the Terrible, or as the Russian has it, Ivan groznyi, "Ivan the Magnificent" or "Ivan the Great" is precisely a man who has become a legend"〕
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